Irresistible Impulse 不可抗拒的冲动
在美国,用于以精神错乱为由的辩护中,指由于精神疾病已破坏了自由意志、自我控制力和行为选择力而造成的不能抗拒或不能抑制的从事非法或犯罪行为的冲动。在用于判断精神错乱时,不可抗拒的冲动标准比姆纳顿标准〔M'Naghten test〕要宽泛。依据前者,若能证明行为人不能抑制其行为,他可以免予承担刑事责任,即使他能辨认正确与错误并能完全认识行为的性质。现在在少数采用此标准的司法区已将其与姆纳顿规则〔M'Naghten rules〕合并。在英国法中,如果行为人在不可抗拒的冲动下实施的行为属犯罪行为,例如杀人,行为人不得以精神失常为由免除法律责任,甚至该情形也不被视为是精神失常;因为要辨别精神疾病造成的不可抗拒的冲动和由于嫉妒、憎恨或复仇心理造成的不可抗拒的冲动是不可能的。
In criminal law, irresistible impulse is a defense by excuse, in this case some sort of insanity, in which the defendant argues that they should not be held criminally liable for their actions that broke the law, because they could not control those actions, even if they knew them to be wrong. It was added to the M'Naghten rule as a basis for acquittal in the mid 20th century. “Irresistible impulse” can be pleaded only under the defense of diminished responsibility, not under the defense of insanity. Thus it operates only as a partial defence to murder, reducing the charge to manslaughter, and giving the judge discretion as to length of sentence and whether committal would be more appropriate than incarceration. 以下为相关例句,可供参考:
例句1
The success of an irresistible impulse defense depends on the facts of the case. For example, assume that a child has been molested. If the child's mother shoots and kills the suspected molester, the mother could argue that she was so enraged by the violation of her child that she was unable to control her actions. The mother need not have been diagnosed as mentally ill. Rather, she would need to show that she was mentally ill at the time of the shooting, and that the illness impaired her self-control.
不可抗拒的冲动辩护的成功取决于案件的事实。例如,假设一个孩子被猥亵。如果孩子的母亲开枪打死了涉嫌猥亵者,母亲可以辩称,她对孩子的侵犯行为非常愤怒,以至于无法控制自己的行为。母亲不需要被诊断为精神病。相反,她需要证明她在开枪时患有精神疾病,并且这种疾病损害了她的自制力。
例句2
Irresistible impulse emerged as a defense in the nineteenth century, when psychoanalysts formulated the concept of moral insanity to describe the temporary inability of otherwise sane persons to resist criminal behavior. Courts began to recognize the condition as one that rendered conduct involuntary and therefore not suitable for punishment. For the better part of a century, many states allowed both cognitive insanity and irresistible impulse insanity as defenses.
不可抗拒的冲动在19世纪作为一种辩护出现,当时精神分析学家提出了道德疯狂的概念来描述正常人暂时无法抵抗犯罪行为。法院开始承认这种情况使行为非自愿,因此不适合处罚。在一个世纪的大部分时间里,许多州允许认知性精神错乱和不可抗拒的冲动性精神错乱作为辩护。
例句3
In some states, the irresistible impulse defense has never been adopted. In others, it has been adopted and subsequently withdrawn. Where it has been rejected, the reasons are generally the same: to prevent sane persons from escaping liability simply because they were unable to control their actions.
在一些州,不可抗拒的冲动辩护从未被采用。在其他情况下,它已被采纳,随后又被撤销。在被驳回的情况下,理由通常是相同的:防止理智的人仅仅因为无法控制自己的行为而逃避责任。
例句4
Irresistible impulse is also a factor in civil actions. When a person commits suicide, survivors may sue for damages with a wrongful death claim or similar action if they can show that the suicide was caused by the actions of another person. In such a case, the plaintiffs must prove that the defendant caused a mental condition that caused the decedent to experience an irresistible impulse to commit suicide.
不可抗拒的冲动也是民事诉讼的一个因素。当一个人自杀时,如果幸存者能够证明自杀是由另一个人的行为造成的,他们可以通过错误的死亡索赔或类似的行动起诉要求损害赔偿。在这种情况下,原告必须证明被告造成的精神状况导致被继承人产生不可抗拒的自杀冲动。
Irresistible impulse:不可抑制的冲动
在刑法中,irresistible impulse是一种借口辩护。在美国,用于以精神错乱为由的辩护中,指由于精神疾病已破坏了自由意志、自我控制力和行为选择力而造成的不能抗拒或不能抑制的从事非法或犯罪行为的冲动。 被告辩称他们不应该为他们的违法行为承担刑事责任,因为他们无法控制这些行为。
典型案例:1994年,罗丽娜·博比特被判无罪,她的辩护人辩称,一种不可抗拒的冲动导致她切除了丈夫的阴茎。《美国加利福尼亚州刑法典》(2002年),“关于丧失行为能力的抗辩特此废止……没有人会为……辩护。减轻的责任或无法抗拒的冲动……“警察肘部测试”是一些法庭用来判断被告在犯罪时是否精神失常的一种测试。这是M'Naghten规则的一个变体,用于解决被告知道他将要做的是错误的,但没有能力阻止自己去做的情况。测试的问题是,即使有一个警察站在他身边,他是否会做他所做的事,因此得名。